本研究釐清在平台基礎生態系中，企業專業分工所形成的原因，及進一步解釋台灣代工廠商如何與歐美品牌廠商，基於英特爾的CPU技術平台來進行專業性資產的投資。有別於過去平台基礎生態系的研究大多主張一直維持在高度互補性與高度移動性，而是一種適應與學習平台的技術變化而改變互補性與移動性，並強調平台業者會透過標準來影響組織間關係，本研究則是主張標準並非能夠全然地定義出高度互補性與高度移動性的組織間關係。我們將平台的技術變化納入組織間關係的探討，並提出平台專屬性資產才是會影響組織間關係的互補性與移動性。從伺服器電腦品牌廠商與代工廠商的觀點來釐清組織間關係，其也能夠補足平台基礎生態系中對於互補財廠商的探討不足之處。

This research explores the interorganizational relationships between server PC brand firms and contract manufacturers in the server PC ecosystem. We found that this kind of interorganizational relationship is not that the previous studies have emphasized a high degree of complementarity and mobility, but rather an adaptation and learning to accommodate platform technology changes, which results in changing complementarity and mobility. We found that server PC brand firms and contract manufacturers (also known as complementors) will invest platform-specific assets required for new product development under the new generation of Intel (also known as platform firm) CPUs. In the past, most of the research on the platform-based ecosystem is from the platform firm’s perspective. It has emphasized that the platform firm’s standards will influence the relationships among organizations. This research argued that the standards couldn’t completely define a high degree of complementarity and mobility of interorganizational relationships. We incorporate the technological changes of the platform into the discussion of interorganizational relationships and propose that platform-specific assets are the ones that will affect the complementarity and mobility of interorganizational relationships. We clarify the interorganizational relationship from the perspective of server PC firms and contract manufacturers, which can also complement the discussion of complementors’ perspectives in the platform- based ecosystem.

朱安群，2003，自有品牌廠商與專業代工廠商在供應商評估選擇考量因素之比較，國立高雄第一科技大學碩士論文。(Chu, A. C., 2003, A Study on Supplier Selection Factors of Comparison Between OBM and ODM, Master Thesis, National Kaohsiung First University.)
吳孟玲、林月雲，2002，「台灣自行車產業之組織死亡率分析－組織生態觀點」，管理評論，21卷3期：115~136。(Wu, M. L. and Lin, Y. Y., 2002, “Organizational Mortality of Bicycle Industry in Taiwan: Perspective of Organizational Ecology,” Management Review, Vol. 21, No. 3, 115-136.)
吳柄勳，2011，代工廠商轉型品牌廠商之研究：動態能力觀點，國立東華大學碩士論文(Wu, B. S., 2011, Industrial firms’ Transformation Process From OEM / ODM to OBM: The Perspective of Dynamic Capability, Master Thesis, National Dong Hwa University.)
李郁怡，2013，「台灣自行車產業聯盟成功方程式」，哈佛商業評論，https://www.hbrtaiwan.com/article_content_AR0002366.html, accessed on September 2, 2021.(Li, Y. I., 2013, “Taiwan Bicycle Industry Alliance Successful Formula,” Harvard Business Review, (https://www.hbrtaiwan.com/article_content_AR0002366.html) accessed on September 2, 2021)
李家君，2012，智慧型手機代工廠商轉型為品牌廠商前後策略行銷分析：以A公司為例，國立政治大學碩士論文。(Li, C. C., 2012, The Strategic Marketing Analysis of Smartphone ODM Manufacture Transformer into Own-brand Maker, A Case Study of A Company, Master Thesis, National Chengchi University.)
林芯玫，2003，我國筆記型電腦代工廠商競爭優勢之探討，東吳大學碩士論文。(Lin, S. M., 2003, Exploratory Study of Competitive Advantages for OEM/ODM Notebook Manufactures in Taiwan, Master Thesis, Soochow University.)
洪清德，2004，「使命感，客戶網路和供應商網路：影響我國電子資訊產業代工和自創品牌策略抉擇因素的探討」，管理學報，21卷4期：451～476。(Hong, C. D., 2004, “Mission, Buyer Network, and Supplier Network – Factors Influencing the Choice of OBM Strategy in the Computer and Electronics Industries in Taiwan,” Journal of Management, Vol. 21, No. 4, 451-476.)
高敏舜，2017，代工廠商與品牌廠商之長期績效探討，銘傳大學碩士論文。(Kao, M. S., 2017, The Long-term Performance Difference Between OEMs and Global Brands, Master Thesis, Ming Chuan University.)
張書文，2008，「台灣自行車產業A-Team之間學習與共創」，收錄於共創-建構台灣產業競爭力的新模式，劉仁傑(編)，53～96，一版，台北：遠流出版事業股份有限公司。(Chang, S. W., 2008, “Taiwan Bicycle Industry A-Team Learning and Co-Creation” in Liu, R. J. (ed.), Co-Creation – Building Taiwan Industry Competitive Advantages and New Mode, 1st, Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company, 53-96.)
楊達凱，2016，「從 OEM/ODM 轉型成 OBM 組織結構之兩難」，多國籍企業管理評論，10卷1期：25～43。(Yang, D. K., 2016, “An Reorganizational Structure Dilemma for OEM/ODM Firms toward OBM,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 25-43.
Adner, R., 2006, “Match Your Innovation Strategy to Your Innovation Ecosystem,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 84, No. 4, 98-107.
Adner, R., 2017, “Ecosystem as Structure: An Actionable Construct for Strategy,” Journal of Management, Vol. 43, No. 1, 39-58.
Adner, R. and Kapoor, R., 2010, “Value Creation in Innovation Ecosystems: How the Structure of Technological Interdependence Affects Firm Performance in New Technology Generations,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3, 306-333.
Afuah, A., 2001, “Dynamic Boundaries of the Firm: Are Firms Better off Being Vertically Integrated in the Face of a Technological Change?” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 6, 1211-1228.
Alcacer, J. and Oxley, J., 2014, “Learning by Supplying,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 35, No. 2, 204-223.
Alexander, C., 1964, Notes on the Synthesis of Form, 1st, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Anderson, E. G., Parker, G. and Tan, B., 2014, “Platform Performance Investment in the Presence of Network Externalities,” Information Systems Research, Vol. 25, No. 1, 152–172.
Anderson, J., Håkansson, H. and Johanson, J., 1994, “Dyadic Business Relationships within a Business Network Context,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58, No. 4, 1-15.
Arora, A. and Gambardella, A., 1990, “Complementarity and External Linkages: The Strategies of the Large Firms in Biotechnology,” The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 38, No. 4, 361-379.
Artz, K. W. and Brush, T. H., 2000, “Asset Specificity, Uncertainty and Relational Norms: An Examination of Coordination Costs in Collaborative Strategic Alliances,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 41, No. 4, 337-362.
Asanuma, B., 1988, “Japanese Manufacturer-supplier Relationships in International Perspective: The Automobile Case.” Working Paper, Kyoto University.
Athey, S., Calvano, E. and Gans, J., 2018, “The Impact of Consumer Multihoming on Advertising Markets and Media Competition,” Management Science, Vol. 64, No. 4, 1574–1590.
Baldwin, C. Y., 2018, “Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities” in Teece, D. and Heaton, S. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Dynamic Capabilities, 1st, Oxford: Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199678914.013.011
Baldwin, C. and Clark, K. B., 2000, Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, 1st, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Baldwin, C., 2008, “Where do Transactions Come from? Modularity, Transactions, and the Boundaries of Firms,” Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 17, No. 1, 155-195.
Baldwin, C., 2015, “Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities.” Working Paper, Harvard Business School Finance.
Baldwin, C., and Woodard, C. J., 2009, “The Architecture of Platforms: A Unified View” in Gawer, A. (ed.), Platforms, Markets and Innovation, 1st, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 19-37.
Basole, R. C., 2009, “Visualization of Interfirm Relations in a Converging Mobile Ecosystem,” Journal of information Technology, Vol. 24, No. 2, 144-159.
Berger, S. and Lester, R. K., 2005, Global Taiwan: Building Competitive Strengths in a New International Economy: Building Competitive Strengths in a New International Economy, 1st, New York: Routledge.
Boudreau, K., 2010, “Open Platform Strategies and Innovation: Granting Access vs. Devolving Control,” Management Science, Vol. 56, No. 10, 1849-1872.
Boudreau, K. , 2017, “Platform Boundary Choices & Governance: Opening-up While Still Coordinating and Orchestrating” in Furman, J., Gawer A. and Silverman, B. S. (eds.), Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Platforms (Advances in Strategic Management), 1st, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited, 227-297.
Bresnahan, T. F. and Greenstein, S., 1999, “Technological Competition and the Structure of the Computer Industry,” The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 47, No. 1, 1-40.
Brusoni, S. and Prencipe, A., 2001, “Unpacking the Black Box of Modularity: Technologies, Products and Organizations,” Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 10, No. 1, 179-205.
Buvik, A. and Grønhaug, K., 2000, “Inter-firm Dependence, Environmental Uncertainty and Vertical Co-ordination in Industrial Buyer–seller Relationships,” Omega, Vol. 28, No. 4, 445-454.
Cassiman, B. and Veugelers, R., 2006, “In Search of Complementarity in Innovation Strategy: Internal R&D and External Knowledge Acquisition,” Management Science, Vol. 52, No. 1, 68-82.
Cennamo, C., 2018, “Building the Value of Next-generation Platforms: the Paradox of Diminishing Returns,” Journal of Management, Vol. 44, No. 8, 3038-3069.
Cennamo, C., Ozalp, H. and Kretschmer, T., 2018, “Platform Architecture and Quality Trade-offs of Multihoming Complements,” Information Systems Research, Vol. 29, No. 2, 461-478.
Chesbrough, H. and Kusunoki, K., 2001, “The Modularity Trap: Innovation, Technology Phase Shifts, and the Resulting Limits of Virtual Organizations” in Nonaka, I. and Teece, D. (eds.), Managing Industrial Knowledge, 1st, Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, 202-230.
Christensen, C. M., 1997, The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, 1st, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Christensen, C. M. and Raynor, M. E., 2003, The Innovator’s Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth, 1st, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Clark, K. B., 1985, “The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in Technological Evolution,” Research Policy, Vol. 14, No. 5, 235-251.
Claussen, J., Kretschmer, T. and Stieglitz, N., 2015, “Vertical Scope, Turbulence, and the Benefits of Commitment and Flexibility,” Management Science, Vol. 61, No. 4, 915–929.
DiMaggio, P. and Powell, W., 1983, “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 48, No.2, 147-160.
Dyer, J. H., 1996, “Specialized Supplier Networks as a Source of Competitive Advantage: Evidence from the Auto Industry,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, 271-291.
Dyer, J. H. and Nobeoka, K., 2000, “Creating and Managing a High‐performance Knowledge‐sharing Network: The Toyota Case,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3, 345-367.
Dyer, J. H. and Ouchi, W. G., 1993, “Japanese-style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge,” MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 35, No. 1, 51-64.
Dyer, J. H. and Singh, H., 1998, “The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 4, 660-679.
Dyer, J. H., Singh, H. and Hesterly, W. S., 2018, “The Relational View Revisited: A Dynamic Perspective on Value Creation and Value Capture,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 12, 3140-3162.
Eisenhardt, K. M., 1989, “Building Theories From Case Study Research,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 4, 532-550.
Eisenmann, T., Parker, G. and Van Alstyne, M., 2011, “Platform Envelopment,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 32, No. 12, 1270-1285.
Eisenmann, T. R., 2008, “Managing Proprietary and Shared Platforms,” California Management Review, Vol. 50, No. 4, 31-53.
Eisenmann, T. R., Parker, G. and Van Alstyne, M., 2009, “Opening Platforms: How, When and Why?” in Gawer, A. (ed.), Platforms, Markets and Innovation, 1st, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 131-162.
Fixson, S. K. and Park, J. K., 2008, “The Power of Integrality: Linkages between Product Architecture, Innovation, and Industry Structure,” Research Policy, Vol. 37, No. 8, 1296-1316.
Fjeldstad, Ø. D., Snow, C. C., Miles, R. E. and Lettl, C., 2012, “The Architecture of Collaboration,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 6, 734-750.
Funk, J. L., 2002, Global Competition Between and Within Standards: The Case of Mobile Phones, 1st, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Galbraith, J. R., 1973. Designing Complex Organizations. 1st, Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Gawer, A., 2014, “Bridging Differing Perspectives on Technological Platforms: Toward an Integrative Framework,” Research Policy, Vol. 43, No. 7, 1239-1249.
Gawer, A. and Cusumano, M. A., 2002, Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation, 1st, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Gawer, A. and Henderson, R., 2007, “Platform Owner Entry and Innovation in Complementary Markets: Evidence from Intel,” Journal of Economics Management Strategy, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1-34.
Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J. and Sturgeon, T., 2005, “The Governance of Global Value Chains,” Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 12, No. 1, 78-104.
Glaser, B., G and Strauss, A., L., 1967, The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, 1st, Chicago: Aldine.
Granovetter, M., 1985, “Economic action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 91, No. 3, 481-510.
Gulati, R., 1999, “Network Location and Learning: The Influence of Network Resources and Firm Capabilities on Alliance Formation,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, No. 5, 397-420.
Gulati, R. (2007). “Network Resources and the Choice of Partners in Alliances,” in Gulati, R. (ed.), Managing Network Resources: Alliances, Affiliations, and other Relational Assets, 1st, Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 48-72.
Gulati, R., Nohria, N. and Zaheer, A., 2000, “Strategic Networks,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3, 203-215.
Gulati, R., Puranam, P. and Tushman, M., 2012, “Meta‐organization Design: Rethinking Design in Interorganizational and Community Contexts,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 6, 571-586.
Gulati, R. and Sytch, M., 2007, “Dependence Asymmetry and Joint Dependence in Interorganizational Relationships: Effects of Embeddedness on a Manufacturer’s Performance in Procurement Relationships,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 1, 32–69.
Helfat, C. E. and Raubitschek, R. S., 2000, “Product sequencing: Co‐evolution of Knowledge, Capabilities and Products,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, No. 10‐11, 961-979.
Helper, S. R. and Sako, M., 1995, “Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States: Are they Converging?” MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, 77-84.
Henderson, R. M. and Clark, K. B., 1990, “Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, 9-30.
Hoetker, G., 2006, “Do Modular Products Lead to Modular Organizations?” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 27, No. 6, 501-518.
Huber, T. L., Kude, T. and Dibbern, J., 2017, “Governance Practices in Platform Ecosystems: Navigating Tensions between Cocreated Value and Governance Costs,” Information Systems Research, Vol. 28, No. 3, 563-584.
Iansiti, M., 1997, Technology Integration: Making Critical Choices in a Turbulent World, 1st, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Iansiti, M. and Levien, R., 2004, The Keystone Advantage: What the New Dynamics of Business Ecosystems Mean for Strategy, Innovation, and Sustainability, 1st, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Jacobides, M. G., Cennamo, C. and Gawer, A., 2018, “Towards a Theory of Ecosystems,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 8, 2255-2276.
Jacobides, M. G., Knudsen, T. and Augier, M., 2006, “Benefiting from Innovation: Value Creation, Value Appropriation and the Role of Industry Architectures,” Research Policy, Vol. 35, No. 8, 1200-1221.
Jacobides, M. G., MacDuffie, J. P. and Tae, C. J., 2016, “Agency, Structure, and the Dominance of OEMs: Change and Stability in the Automotive Sector,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 9, 1942-1967.
Jacobides, M. G. and Winter, S. G., 2005, “The Co‐evolution of Capabilities and Transaction Costs: Explaining the Institutional Structure of Production,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, No. 5, 395-413.
Kapoor, R., 2018, “Ecosystems: Broadening the Locus of Value Creation,” Journal of Organization Design, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1-16.
Kapoor, R. and Agarwal, S., 2017, “Sustaining Superior Performance in Business Ecosystems: Evidence from Application Software Developers in the iOS and Android Smartphone Ecosystems,” Organization Science, Vol. 28, No. 3, 531-551.
Kapoor, R. and Lee, J. M., 2013, “Coordinating and Competing in Ecosystems: How Organizational Forms Shape New Technology Investments,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 34, No. 3, 274-296.
Kawakami, M. , 2011, “Interfirm Dynamics in Notebook PC Value Chains and the Rise of Taiwanese Original Design Manufacturing Firms” in Kawakami, M. and Sturgeon, T. J. (eds.), The Dynamic of Local Learning in Global Value Chains, 1st, London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 16-42.
Khan, S. N., 2014, “Qualitative Research Method: Grounded Theory,” International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 9, No. 11, 224-233.
Kretschmer, T. and Reitzig, M., 2013, “How Much to Integrate? Firms’ Profit-Maximizing R&D Allocations in Emerging Standard Settings,” Academy of Management Proceedings, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States.
Landsman, V. and Stremersch, S., 2011, “Multihoming in Two-sided Markets: An Empirical Inquiry in the Video Game Console Industry,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 75, No. 6, 39-54.
Langlois, R., 2003, “The Vanishing Hand: The Changing Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism,” Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 12, No. 2, 351-385.
Langlois, R., 2006, “The Secret Life of Mundane Transaction Costs,” Organization Studies, Vol. 27, No. 9, 1389-1410.
Langlois, R. and Robertson, P. L., 1992, “Networks and Innovation in a Modular System: Lessons from the Microcomputer and Stereo Component Industries,” Research Policy, Vol. 21, No. 4, 297-313.
Langlois, R. N., 1992, “External Economies and Economic Progress: The Case of the Microcomputer Industry,” Business History Review, Vol. 66, No. 1, 1-50.
Lawrence, P. R. and Lorsch, J. W., 1967, “Differentiation and Integration in Complex Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-47.
Lee, C. H., Venkatraman, N., Tanriverdi, H. and Iyer, B., 2010, “Complementarity‐based Hypercompetition in the Software Industry: Theory and Empirical Test, 1990–2002,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 31, No. 13, 1431-1456.
Levitt, B. and March, J. G., 1988, “Organizational Learning,” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 1, 319-338.
Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M., 1984, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods, 1st, California: SAGE Publications, SAGE Publications.
Monteverde, K., 1995, “Technical Dialog as an Incentive for Vertical Integration in the Semiconductor Industry,” Management Science, Vol. 41, No. 10, 1624-1638.
Moore, J. F., 1993, “Predators and prey: A New Ecology of Competition,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 71, No. 3, 75-86.
Moore, J. F., 2006, “Business Ecosystems and the View From the Firm,” The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 51, No. 1, 31-75.
Morris, C. R. and Ferguson, C. H., 1993, “How architecture wins technology wars,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 71, No. 2, 86-96.
Nelson, R. R. and Winter, S. G., 1982, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, 1st, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Nobeoka, K. and Cusumano, M. A., 1997, “Multiproject Strategy and Sales Growth: The Benefits of Rapid Design Transfer in New Product Development,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3, 169-186.
Nohria, N. and Garcia-Pont, C., 1991, “Global Strategic Linkages and Industry Structure,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, Special Issue: Global Strategy, 105-124.
Norris, D. G. and McNeilly, K. M., 1995, “The Impact of Environmental Uncertainty and Asset Specificity on the Degree of Buyer-supplier Commitment,” Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, Vol. 2, No. 2, 59-85.
Ofem, B., Arya, B. and Borgatti, S. P., 2018, “The Drivers of Collaborative Success between Rural Economic Development Organizations,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 6, 1113-1134.
Ogawa, S., 1998, “Does Sticky Information Affect the Locus of Innovation? Evidence from the Japanese Convenience-store Industry,” Research Policy, Vol. 26, No. 7-8, 777-790.
Oliver, C., 1990, “Determinants of Interorganizational Relationships: Integration and Future Directions,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15, No. 2, 241-265.
Orton, J. D. and Weick, K. E., 1990, “Loosely Coupled Systems: A Reconceptualization,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15, No. 2, 203-223.
Ozalp, H., Cennamo, C. and Gawer, A., 2018, “Disruption in Platform‐based Ecosystems,” Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 55, No. 7, 1203-1241.
Perrons, R. K., 2009, “The open kimono: How Intel balances trust and power to maintain platform leadership,” Research Policy, Vol. 38, No. 8, 1300-1312.
Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G. R., 1978, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, 1st, New York: Harper & Row.
Podolny, J. M. and Page, K. L., 1998, “Network Forms of Organization,” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 24, No. 1, 57-76.
Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W. and Smith-Doerr, L., 1996, “Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 1, 116-145.
Prencipe, A., Davies, A. and Hobday, M., 2005. The Business of Systems Integration, 1st, New York: Oxford University Press.
Rietveld, J., Ploog, J. N. and Nieborg, D. B., 2020, “Coevolution of Platform Dominance and Governance Strategies: Effects on Complementor Performance Outcomes,” Academy of Management Discoveries, Vol. 6, No. 3, 488-513.
Rietveld, J., Schilling, M. A. and Bellavitis, C., 2019, “Platform Strategy: Managing Ecosystem Value Through Selective Promotion of Complements,” Organization Science, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1232-1251.
Rochet, J. C. and Tirole, J., 2006, “Two‐sided markets: A progress report,” The RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 37, No. 3, 645-667.
Sanderson, S. and Uzumeri, M., 1995, “Managing Product Families: The Case of the Sony Walkman,” Research Policy, Vol. 24, No. 5, 761-782.
Shipilov, A. and Gawer, A., 2020, “Integrating Research on Interorganizational Networks and Ecosystems,” Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 14, No. 1, 92-121.
Simon, H. A., 1962, “The Architecture of Complexity,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 106, No. 6, 467–482.
Simon, H. A., 1969, The Sciences of the Artificial, 1st, Cambridge: MIT Press.
Staudenmayer, N., Tripsas, M. and Tucci, C. L., 2005, “Interfirm Modularity and its Implications for Product Development,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 22, No. 4, 303-321.
Teece, D. J., 1980, “Economies of Scope and the Scope of the Enterprise,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 1, No. 3, 223-247.
Teece, D. J., 1986, “Profiting from Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration, Collaboration, Licensing and Public Policy,” Research Policy, Vol. 15, No. 6, 285-305.
Teece, D. J., 2014, “A Dynamic Capabilities-based Entrepreneurial Theory of the Multinational Enterprise,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 45, No. 1, 8-37.
Teece, D. J., 2018, “Profiting from Innovation in the Digital Economy: Enabling Technologies, Standards, and Licensing Models in the Wireless World,” Research Policy, Vol. 47, No. 8, 1367-1387.
Thomke, S. and Fujimoto, T., 2000, “The Effect of “Front‐loading” Problem‐Solving on Product Development Performance,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, 128-142.
Tiwana, A., 2013, Platform Ecosystems: Aligning Architecture, Governance, and Strategy, 1st, Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Tiwana, A., 2015, “Platform Desertion by App Developers,” Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 32, No. 4, 40-77.
Tiwana, A. and Konsynski, B., 2010, “Complementarities between Organizational IT Architecture and Governance Structure,” Information Systems Research, Vol. 21, No. 2, 288-304.
Tiwana, A., Konsynski, B. and Bush, A., 2010, “Research Commentary—Platform Evolution: Coevolution of Platform Architecture, Governance, and Environmental Dynamics,” Information Systems Research, Vol. 21, No. 4, 675-687.
Tushman, M. L. and Murmann, J. P., 1998, “Dominant Designs, Technology Cycles, and Organization Outcomes,” Academy of Management Proceedings, San Diego, California, United States.
Wareham, J., Fox, P. B. and Cano Giner, J. L., 2014, “Technology Ecosystem Governance,” Organization Science, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1195-1215.
Williamson, O. E., 1975, Markets and Hierarchies, 1st, New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E., 1979, “Transaction-cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations,” The Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 22, No. 2, 233-261.
Williamson, O. E., 1981, “The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 87, No. 3, 548-577.
Williamson, O. E., 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, 1st, New York: Free Press.
Williamson, P. J. and De Meyer, A., 2012, “Ecosystem Advantage: How to Successfully Harness the Power of Partners,” California Management Review, Vol. 55, No. 1, 24-46.
Yan, M., Marie Francesco, A., Zhang, H. and Chen, Y., 2013, “A Social Network Perspective on Relationship Management in the Human Resource Outsourcing Network: Examining the Moderating Impact of HR Task Interdependence,” Human Resource Management, Vol. 52, No. 4, 585-606.
Yin, R. K., 1994, Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 2nd, California: SAGE Publications, Inc..
Yoo, Y., Boland, R. J., Lyytinen, K. and Majchrzak, A., 2012, “Organizing for Innovation in the Digitized World,” Organization Science, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1398-1408.