中山管理評論

  期刊全文閱覽

中山管理評論  2015/9

第23卷第3期 我國產業個案專刊  p.737-763

DOI:10.6160/2015.09.03


題目
大潤發中國展店—企業社會資本的效益
The Evolution of RT-Mart in China- The Effects of Enterprise Social Capital
(125_M57e206c0eff7a_Full.pdf 924KB)

作者
吳小龍、黃思明/國立政治大學企業管理系、國立政治大學企業管理系
Xiao-Long Wu, Syming Hwang/

Department of Business Administration, National ChengChi University; Department of Business Administration, National ChengChi University


摘要(中文)

本文為圖書館個案。大潤發於1998年在上海開出第一家門市,經過十餘年的發展,已成為大陸最大的外資流通量販企業。潤泰集團的管理者出於“潤澤社會、泰安民生”的理念,非常重視“企業社會資本”,積極投入公益事業,很早就捐贈中國高等教育,在汶川大地震的救災活動中踴躍捐贈,為企業抓住機遇迅速發展建立了非常廣大的人脈與社會基礎。 用「社會資本」的觀點,大潤發在中國的發展大概可分為三個階段: 1. 大潤發1997年進入大陸,在上海開設兩家店之後,發現市場先機已被沃爾瑪和家樂福等國際知名零售企業掌握,在各種限制條件嚴格的情況下,發揮投資教育體系所預埋的中國政商人脈資源,從2000年開始“化整為零”進入二、三級城市發展新的門店。 2. 到2004年12月,中國加入WTO時承諾的三年後對零售業完全開放的時間到期,全面對外資開放零售行業,大潤發開始大規模展店,嘗試在一個已經自由競爭的市場中,找出其中潛藏的非市場因素,充分運用對中國政治經濟社會規則深刻理解的同文同種優勢,打破開發商對土地的壟斷,取得最好的展店條件。 3. 2008年的汶川地震,大潤發積極投入公益事業回報社會,獲得了極高的社會認同與企業品牌知名度,社會資本急劇增長,與政府和開發商合作更加融洽,迎來展店的新階段。

(125_M57e206c0eff7a_Abs.pdf(檔案不存在))

關鍵字(中文)

企業社會資本、創業、人脈關係、零售業展店、企業社會公益


摘要(英文)

In 1998, RT-MART opened its first store in Shanghai. After more than a decade of development, it has become the largest foreign-capital logistics and wholesale corporation. The management at Ruentex Group, in accordance with the corporate philosophy of “nurturing society and benefit the people,” places great emphasis on “corporate social capital” and is dedicated to social enterprises. The group has been donating to higher education in China for an extended period. During the disaster relief for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the group donated generously and seized opportunities to establish a wide range of relations and social foundation. From the perspective of social capital, the development of RT-MART in China can be divided into three phases: 1. In 1997, RT-MART started investment in China, opening two stores in Shanghai. It was discovered that the market had been divided by international retail corporations including Walmart and Carrefour. In such dire circumstances, the corporation’s relations with political and business figures in China, established by investing in the education system, was utilized. Since 2000, RT-MART has been opening smaller-scale stores in second- and third-tier cities. 2. In December 2004, China became completely open to foreign-capital investment in retailing, due to an agreement with the WTO. At this point, RT-MART entered large-scale expansion. The corporation attempted to identify non-market factors in a free market. It fully utilized its understanding of the Chinese political, economic, and social systems and the advantage of being in the same race and culture, defying the monopoly of land by developers and obtained the best locations for its stores. 3. After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, RT-MART dedicated itself to social services and gained high social identity and high exposure for the corporate brand. As its social capital grew exponentially, its collaboration with the government and developers became even more successful, which led to a new phase of expansion.

(125_M57e206c0eff7a_Abs.pdf(檔案不存在))

關鍵字(英文)

corporate social capital, startup, relation, retail expansion, corporate social service


政策與管理意涵

企業的社會資本在企業經營的各個階段都非常重要,但是各有不同的特點,本個案探討了如何在不同的階段獲取並有效運用企業的社會資本。 (1) 人脈構建: 進入新地域市場,欲建立企業在目標市場中的社會資本(人脈關係),支持當地的高等教育是一種有效的方法。尹衍樑先生早年投資中國高等教育,就是把財務資本轉換為個人的人脈社會資本。 (2) 精准運用: 人脈社會資本(關係)建立不易,運用尤需謹慎,因屬難再生的消耗資源,不到最重要的關頭,不可輕易動用。2000年大潤發在中國展店遇到法律上的困境,無路可走時不得不借助人脈關係落戶蘇州,這樣重要的資源可救急,但不宜反復利用。 (3) 發展升級: 創業者不能停留於社會資本的個人層面,人力資源管理目標之一就是把個人的人脈(關係)資本發展到企業的制度(組織)資本層級。尹衍樑通過招募黃明端、洪萬康等優秀人才,用增加的企業人力資本結合原有的個人關係資本,深入挖掘與展店直接利益相關者如政府、開發商等組織的非正式需求並滿足他們(潛規則),培養出大潤發的制度優勢與競爭力,建立了不依賴於個人的制度(組織)社會資本。這樣即使在2004年前後尹衍樑原有個人人脈關係陸續有所變動,有了企業(大潤發)和組織(政府)之間的信任,不再單純地依賴於個人的關係資本。 (4) 永續經營: 企業進入穩定發展階段,決策者要抓住機遇建立企業的品牌資本,運用投入社會公益等途徑,在廣大社會各階層成員的心目中(無論是否有直接利益相關)形成可信任的品牌形象,打下永續經營的基礎。大潤發在2008年的一夕爆紅,且是非常正面的品牌和在億萬民眾中傳播的口碑,絕大多數人都認為大潤發是一家值得信任的企業,企業的品牌社會資本急劇增值,各地政府和開發商趨之若鶩,展店的效益進入更高層級。 (5) 珍品易碎: 社會資本創價的潛力巨大,企業高層須對維護企業口碑(品牌)的社會資本給予無比的關切,這是企業經營過程中投入大量財務資本和人力資本建立的,一旦受損,非常難以重建並修復。尹衍樑雖不插手大潤發具體經營,但在2008年對臺灣大潤發賣假海參表示出的憤怒,可看出其對維護大潤發“口碑(品牌)社會資本”的重視。 以上步驟,通過把企業的經營階段分為創業、發展到永續,從建立、獲取企業的社會資本,到有效運用並管理維護社會資本,做了簡要歸納,對於企業管理人員或者新創事業者在經營過程中保持對企業社會資本重要性的關注有重要的管理意涵。


參考文獻

王少喆,2014,「澎湃記者對話經濟學人」,http://m.thepaper.cn/ newsDetail_forward_1246610, accessed on March 24, 2014. (Wang, S. J., 2014, “The Reporter of the Papers & The Economist,” http://m.thepaper.cn/ newsDetail_forward_1246610, accessed on March 24, 2014.)
李仙德、白光潤、史善華,2009,「外資大賣場紮推擴展的負面影響及規制」,城市問題,2期:2~9。(Li, X. D., Bai, G. R., and Shi, S. H., 2009, “The Negative Effects and Conditions of Evolution of Foreign Capital Malls in China,” City Program, No. 2, 2-9.)
汪旭暉,2005,「外資零售企業進入中國市場的現狀分析」,商訊商業經濟文薈,6期:13~16。(Wang, X. H., 2005, “The Analysis of Foreign Capital Malls Enter China Market,” Commercial Economics Review, No. 6, 13-16.)
孫碧娟、黃麗華、謝景誼、黃雅鈴、蔡嘉瑩、黃怡晴,2012,「《百店傳奇》大潤發—探究台灣本土通路商跨海成功的策略」,http://joepspsps2.blogspot.tw/2012/08/blog-post_28.html, accessed on March 24, 2014. (Sun, B. J., Huang, L. H., Xie, J. Y., Huang, Y. L., Tsai, J. Y., and Huang, Y. C., 2012, “The RT-Mart-the Successful Strategy of Taiwan Retailer in China,” http://joepspsps2.blogspot.tw/2012/08/blog-post_28.html, accessed on March 24, 2014.)
高鑫零售,2011,「全球發售,高鑫零售有限公司」,http://www.sunartretail.com/ attachment/201107031959462_tc.pdf, accessed on March 24, 2014. (Sun Art Retail, 2011, “The IPO of Sun Art Retail Group Ltd,” http://www.sunartretail.com/ attachment/201107031959462_tc.pdf, accessed on March 24, 2014.)
高鑫零售,2012,「高鑫零售有限公司2012年報」,http://www.sunartretail.com/ attachment/20130409211701001626061_tc.pdf, accessed on March 24, 2014. (Sun Art Retail, 2012, “The 2012 Annual Report of Sun Art Retail Group Ltd,” http://www.sunartretail.com/attachment/20130409211701001626061_tc.pdf, accessed on March 24, 2014.)
高鑫零售,2014,「高鑫零售有限公司2014年報」,http://www.sunartretail.com/ attachment/2015032417020100082147387_tc.pdf, accessed on March 30, 2015. (Sun Art Retail, 2014, “The 2014 Annual Report of Sun Art Retail Group Ltd,” http://www.sunartretail.com/attachment/2015032417020100082147387_tc.pdf, accessed on March 30, 2015.)
曹海濤,2013,「政府間財政關係與地方政府行為—轉型時期中國大陸重複建設與地方保護主義之研究」,遠景基金會季刊,14卷1期:113~167。(Cao, H. T., 2013, “The Finance between the Governments and the Deed of Local Government-the Research of Reduplicate Building and the Local Protection,” Prospect Foundation Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, 113-167.)
經濟學家情報社,2000,跨國公司在中國—贏家和輸家,初版,北京:新華出版社。(EIU, 2000, Multinational Companies in China-Winners and Losers, 1st, Beijing, CN: The Xinhua Publishing.)
Kotler, M., 2001,「中國市場行銷的戰略問題」,http://www.emkt.com.cn/ article/46/4649-5.html, accessed on March 24, 2014. (Kotler, M., 2001, “The Strategy of China Marketing,” http://www.emkt.com.cn/article/46/4649-5.html, accessed on March 24, 2014.)
Lin, N., 2001, Social Captial, 1st, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.