中山管理評論

  期刊全文閱覽

中山管理評論  2026/9

第34卷第3期  Page:435 ~ 494

DOI:10.6160/SYSMR.202609_34(3).0002


題目

績效回饋與策略變革:解析分析師關注度與預測分散的情境影響


Performance Feedback and Strategic Change: Unpacking the Contingencies of Analyst Coverage and Forecast Dispersion


(184_M6aa0df53d84d8_Full.pdf 4,473KB)

作者/學校
作者英文名/學校(英文)

黎光英、李振宇、吳學良

/

國立高雄大學東亞語文學系、國立嘉義大學科技管理學系、國立臺灣大學國際企業學系


Quang-Anh Le; Cheng-Yu Lee; Hsueh-Liang Wu

/

Department of East Asian Languages and Literature, National University of Kaohsiung; Department of Technology Management, National Chiayi University; Department of International Business, National Taiwan University


摘要(中文)

本研究以企業行為理論與注意力基礎觀點為根本,在股票分析師特徵的情境架構中探討績效回饋對策略變革的影響。透過分析 2001 年至2019 年間台灣電子企業的資料,研究指出,當企業績效低於期望值時,會促使其進行策略變革;相反地,當績效高於期望值時,則會引發保守態度。股票分析師的關注可刺激企業重新調整其注意力結構,進而削弱績效回饋與策略變革之間的關聯。然而,當股票分析師之間的評價變得更加分歧時,分析師關注在企業績效低於期望值的情境下所發揮的調節作用將受到部分限制。

(184_M6aa0df53d84d8_Abs.pdf(檔案不存在))

關鍵字(中文)

分析師關注、注意力基礎觀點、企業行為理論、策略變革


摘要(英文)

Grounded in the Behavioral Theory of the Firm and Attention-Based View, the study investigates the strategic change effect of performance feedback within a contextual framework of stock analyst attributes. Drawing on data from Taiwanese electronic firms during the 2001-2019 period, the study suggests that below-aspiration performance prompts strategic change, whereas above-aspiration performance induces a conservative attitude. By making a stimulus to revise the attention structure, analyst coverage weakens the connection between performance feedback and strategic change. Yet, when evaluations among stock analysts become more inconsistent, the moderating role of analyst coverage in below-aspiration performance scenarios is partially constrained.

(184_M6aa0df53d84d8_Abs.pdf(檔案不存在))

關鍵字(英文)

analyst coverage, attention-based view, behavioral theory of the firm, strategic change


領域
一般管理(General management)

政策與管理意涵


參考文獻
Ali, A., Liu, M., Xu, D., & Yao, T. (2019). Corporate disclosure, analyst forecast dispersion, and stock returns. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 34(1), 54-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X16674857 Andrei, A. G., Benischke, M. H., & Martin, G. P. (2024). Behavioral agency and the efficacy of analysts as external monitors: Examining the moderating role of CEO personality. Strategic Management Journal, 45(1), 113-143. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3548 Back, P., Rosing, K., Dickler, T. A., Kraft, P. S., & Bausch, A. (2020). CEOs’ temporal focus, firm strategic change, and performance: Insights from a paradox perspective. European Management Journal, 38(6), 884-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.04.009 Bascle, G., & Jung, J. (2023). Caught in an expectations trap: Risks of giving securities analysts what they expect. Organization Science, 34(1), 176-196. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1569 Bauer, F., & Friesl, M. (2024). Synergy evaluation in mergers and acquisitions: An attention‐based view. Journal of Management Studies, 61(1), 37-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12804 Becher, D. A., Cohn, J. B., & Juergens, J. L. (2015). Do stock analysts influence merger completion? An examination of postmerger announcement recommendations. Management Science, 61(10), 2430-2448. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2065 Bednar, M. K., Boivie, S., & Prince, N. R. (2013). Burr under the saddle: How media coverage influences strategic change. Organization Science, 24(3), 910-925. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0770 Berchicci, L., & Tarakci, M. (2022). Aspiration formation and attention rules. Strategic Management Journal, 43(8), 1575-1601. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3371 Bilgili, T. V., Kedia, B. L., & Bilgili, H. (2016). Exploring the influence of resource environments on absorptive capacity development: The case of emerging market firms. Journal of World Business, 51(5), 700-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.07.008 Boh, W. F., Huang, C. J., & Wu, A. (2020). Investor experience and innovation Boh, W. F., Huang, C. J., & Wu, A. (2020). Investor experience and innovation performance: The mediating role of external cooperation. Strategic Management Journal, 41(1), 124-151. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3089 Brauer, M., & Wiersema, M. (2018). Analyzing analyst research: A review of past coverage and recommendations for future research. Journal of Management, 44(1), 218-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317734900 Brem, A., Nylund, P., & Viardot, E. (2020). The impact of the 2008 financial crisis on innovation: A dominant design perspective. Journal of Business Research, 110, 360-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.048 Cai, J., & Canales, J. I. (2024). Attention focus and attention framework: A configuration perspective of attention to innovation. British Journal of Management, 35(2), 914-931. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12744 Capezio, A., Shields, J., & O'Donnell, M. (2011). Too good to be true: Board structural independence as a moderator of CEO pay‐for‐firm‐performance. Journal of Management Studies, 48(3), 487-513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00895.x Chang, H. Y., Lee, C. Y., & Wong, Y. J. (2019). The impact of earnings pressure on exploratory innovation. R&D Management, 49(4), 470-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12334 Chen, C.-J., Lin, B.-W., Lin, Y.-H., & Hsiao, Y.-C. (2016a). Ownership structure, independent board members and innovation performance: A contingency perspective. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3371-3379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.007 Chen, G., Crossland, C., & Huang, S. (2016b). Female board representation and corporate acquisition intensity. Strategic Management Journal, 37(2), 303-313. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2323 Chen, I. F., & Chang, S. C. (2020). Spillover effects of capital expenditure announcements within business groups. British Journal of Management, 31(4), 709-727. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12379 Chen, J.-R., Kan, K., & Tung, I.-H. (2016c). Scientific linkages and firm productivity: Panel data evidence from Taiwanese electronics firms. Research Policy, 45(7), 1449-1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.023 Chen, S.-Y., Chuang, C.-H., & Chen, S.-J. (2018). A conceptual review of human resource management research and practice in Taiwan with comparison to select economies in East Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 35(1), 213-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-017-9516-1 Chen, S., Chen, X., & Cheng, Q. (2014). Conservatism and equity ownership of the founding family. European Accounting Review, 23(3), 403-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2013.814978 Chen, T., Xie, L., & Zhang, Y. (2017). How does analysts' forecast quality relate to corporate investment efficiency? Journal of Corporate Finance, 43, 217-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.12.010 Cheng, C. C., & Shiu, E. C. (2020). What makes social media-based supplier network involvement more effective for new product performance? The role of network structure. Journal of Business Research, 118, 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.054 Cheng, L., Xie, E., Fang, J., & Mei, N. (2022). Performance feedback and firms’ relative strategic emphasis: The moderating effects of board independence and media coverage. Journal of Business Research, 139, 218-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.021 Chi, W., Wu, S.-J., & Zheng, Z. (2020). Determinants and consequences of voluntary corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from private firms. The British Accounting Review, 52(6), 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2020.100939 Chien, M.-S., Lee, C.-C., Hu, T.-C., & Hu, H.-T. (2015). Dynamic Asian stock market convergence: Evidence from dynamic cointegration analysis among China and ASEAN-5. Economic Modelling, 51, 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.06.024 Choi, J., Rhee, M., & Kim, Y.-C. (2019). Performance feedback and problemistic search: The moderating effects of managerial and board outsiderness. Journal of Business Research, 102, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.04.039 Cull, R., & Peria, M. S. M. (2013). Bank ownership and lending patterns during the 2008–2009 financial crisis: Evidence from Latin America and Eastern Europe. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(12), 4861-4878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.08.017 Currim, I. S., Lim, J., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Effect of analysts’ earnings pressure on marketing spending and stock market performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 46(3), 431-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0540-y Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall. Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7 Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7 Desender, K. A., Aguilera, R. V., Crespi, R., & GarcÍa‐cestona, M. (2013). When does ownership matter? Board characteristics and behavior. Strategic Management Journal, 34(7), 823-842. https://doi.org/10.1002/SMJ.2046 DesJardine, M., & Bansal, P. (2019). One step forward, two steps back: how negative external evaluations can shorten organizational time horizons. Organization Science, 30(4), 761-780. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1259 Dessaint, O., Eckbo, B. E., & Golubov, A. (2025). Bidder-specific synergies and the evolution of acquirer returns. Management Science, 71(2), 1391-1417. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02208 Dhanorkar, S. S., Siemsen, E., & Linderman, K. W. (2018). Promoting change from the outside: Directing managerial attention in the implementation of environmental improvements. Management Science, 64(6), 2535-2556. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2748 Dion, D., Pavlyuchenko, R., & Prokopec, S. (2025). The enrichment economy: Market dynamics, brand strategy, and ethics. Journal of Marketing, 89(2), 96-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429241275014 Dominguez CC, M., Galán-González, J. L., & Barroso, C. (2015). Patterns of strategic change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 28(3), 411-431. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2014-0097 Dong, J. Q. (2021). Technological choices under uncertainty: Does organizational aspiration matter? Strategic Management Journal, 42(5), 898-916. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3253 Downes, L., & Nunes, P. (2013). Blockbuster becomes a casualty of big bang disruption. Harvard Business Review, 7. https://hbr.org/2013/11/blockbuster-becomes-a-casualty-of-big-bang-disruption Duke, J., Havakhor, T., Mui, R., & Parker, O. (2024). How strategic alliances shape problemistic search intensity: Evidence from responses to social and historical underperformance. Long Range Planning, 57(3), 102437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2024.102437 Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. (1990). Top-management-team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(3), 484-503. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393314 Galavotti, I., Cerrato, D., & Depperu, D. (2017). Experience and cross‐border acquisitions: an organizational learning perspective. European Management Review, 14(2), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12094 Galbreath, J. (2018). Do boards of directors influence corporate sustainable development? An attention‐based analysis. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(6), 742-756. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2028 Gao, Y., Yang, H., & Zhang, M. (2021). Too bad to fear, too good to dare? Performance feedback and corporate misconduct. Journal of Business Research, 131, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.041 García‐Sánchez, I. M., Gómez‐Miranda, M. E., David, F., & Rodríguez‐Ariza, L. (2019). Analyst coverage and forecast accuracy when CSR reports improve stakeholder engagement: The Global Reporting Initiative‐International Finance Corporation disclosure strategy. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(6), 1392-1406. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1755 Gavetti, G., Greve, H. R., Levinthal, D. A., & Ocasio, W. (2012). The behavioral theory of the firm: Assessment and prospects. Academy of Management Annals, 6(1), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2012.656841 Gentry, R. J., & Shen, W. (2013). The impacts of performance relative to analyst forecasts and analyst coverage on firm R&D intensity. Strategic Management Journal, 34(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.1997 Giarratana, M. S., Pasquini, M., & Santaló, J. (2021). Leveraging synergies versus resource redeployment: Sales growth and variance in product portfolios of diversified firms. Strategic Management Journal, 42(12), 2245-2272. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3281 Goranova, M., Dharwadkar, R., & Brandes, P. (2010). Owners on both sides of the deal: Mergers and acquisitions and overlapping institutional ownership. Strategic Management Journal, 31(10), 1114-1135. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.849 Greve, H. R. (2003). A behavioral theory of R&D expenditures and innovations: Evidence from shipbuilding. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 685-702. https://doi.org/10.5465/30040661 Gu, Z., Li, Z., & Yang, Y. G. (2013). Monitors or predators: The influence of institutional investors on sell-side analysts. The Accounting Review, 88(1), 137-169. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50263 Gul, F. A., Hutchinson, M., & Lai, K. M. (2013). Gender-diverse boards and properties of analyst earnings forecasts. Accounting Horizons, 27(3), 511-538. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-50486 Hagen, M., Su, W., & Junge, S. (2023). 60th birthday of ‘A Behavioral Theory of the Firm’: A review of the relational concepts and recommendations for future research. Management Review Quarterly, 74(4), 2637-2682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00369-x Haleblian, J., McNamara, G., Kolev, K., & Dykes, B. (2012). Exploring firm characteristics that differentiate leaders from followers in industry merger waves: A competitive dynamics perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 33(9), 1037-1052. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.1961 Harjoto, M. A., & Jo, H. (2015). Legal vs. normative CSR: Differential impact on analyst dispersion, stock return volatility, cost of capital, and firm value. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2082-2 Haynes, K. T., & Hillman, A. (2010). The effect of board capital and CEO power on strategic change. Strategic Management Journal, 31(11), 1145-1163. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.859 He, J. J., & Tian, X. (2013). The dark side of analyst coverage: The case of innovation. Journal of Financial Economics, 109(3), 856-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.04.001 Helfat, C. E., & Martin, J. A. (2015). Dynamic managerial capabilities: Review and assessment of managerial impact on strategic change. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1281-1312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314561301 Heubeck, T., & Ahrens, A. (2025). Governing the responsible investment of slack resources in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance: How beneficial are CSR committees? Journal of Business Ethics, 198, 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-024-05798-6 Hoskisson, R. E., Chirico, F., Zyung, J., & Gambeta, E. (2017). Managerial risk taking: A multitheoretical review and future research agenda. Journal of Management, 43(1), 137-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316671583 Hsu, W.-H., & Chang, Y.-L. (2011). Intellectual capital and analyst forecast: evidence from the high-tech industry in Taiwan. Applied Financial Economics, 21(15), 1135-1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603107.2011.564129 Jang, W.-Y., & Ho, C.-C. (2022). The sobering up effect: Why analysts become less optimistic as the release of actual earnings gets closer. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 23(3), 281-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427560.2020.1867141 Joseph, J., & Gaba, V. (2015). The fog of feedback: Ambiguity and firm responses to multiple aspiration levels. Strategic Management Journal, 36(13), 1960-1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2333 Joseph, J., Klingebiel, R., & Wilson, A. J. (2016). Organizational structure and performance feedback: Centralization, aspirations, and termination decisions. Organization Science, 27(5), 1065-1083. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2016.1076 Jung, B., Sun, K. J., & Yang, Y. S. (2012). Do financial analysts add value by facilitating more effective monitoring of firms’ activities? Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 27(1), 61-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X11409144 Keum, D. D., & Ryan, S. (2024). Strategic upward striving toward $100 million revenue: setting goals to attract external attention. Organization Science, 35(3), 974-993. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.15148 Kim, J.-Y., Finkelstein, S., & Haleblian, J. (2015). All aspirations are not created equal: The differential effects of historical and social aspirations on acquisition behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1361-1388. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.1102 Kim, S., & Na, H. (2020). Earnings information, arbitrage constraints, and the forecast dispersion anomaly. Finance Research Letters, 35, 101311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.101311 Kirtley, J., & O'Mahony, S. (2023). What is a pivot? Explaining when and how entrepreneurial firms decide to make strategic change and pivot. Strategic Management Journal, 44(1), 197-230. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3131 Kotha, R., Zheng, Y., & George, G. (2011). Entry into new niches: The effects of firm age and the expansion of technological capabilities on innovative output and impact. Strategic Management Journal, 32(9), 1011-1024. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.915 Kunisch, S., Bartunek, J. M., Mueller, J., & Huy, Q. N. (2017). Time in strategic change research. Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 1005-1064. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0133 Kuusela, P., Keil, T., & Maula, M. (2017). Driven by aspirations, but in what direction? Performance shortfalls, slack resources, and resource‐consuming vs. resource‐freeing organizational change. Strategic Management Journal, 38(5), 1101-1120. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2544 Lechner, C., Lorenzoni, G., Guercini, S., & Gueguen, G. (2020). Supplier evolution in global value chains and the new brand game from an attention‐based view. Global Strategy Journal, 10(3), 520-555. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1381 Lee, J. (2020, August 30). Is big oil still a big deal? Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-08-30/as-exxon-mobil-is-remo ved-from-the-dow-is-this-the-end-for-big-oil Li, L., Qian, G., Qian, Z., & Lu, I. R. (2018). Aspiration, foreignness liability and market potential: How do they relate to small firms’ international entrepreneurial orientation? International Marketing Review, 35(6), 1009-1032. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-03-2017-0062 Li, M.-Y., & Wu, J.-S. (2014). Analysts’ forecast dispersion and stock returns: A quantile regression approach. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 15(3), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427560.2014.942420 Lien, W.-C., Chen, T., Chen, J., & Sohl, J. E. (2021). How do financial analysts’ recommendations affect firm competitive actions? A rival-centric view. Journal of Business Research, 134, 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.046 Lim, E. (2025). Balancing multiple goals: The effects of performance shortfalls relative to aspirations vs. analysts’ earnings forecasts. Journal of Management Studies, 62(4), 1491-1523. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.13111 Lim, E. N., & McCann, B. T. (2014). Performance feedback and firm risk taking: The moderating effects of CEO and outside director stock options. Organization Science, 25(1), 262-282. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0830 Lungeanu, R., Stern, I., & Zajac, E. J. (2016). When do firms change technology‐ sourcing vehicles? The role of poor innovative performance and financial slack. Strategic Management Journal, 37(5), 855-869. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2371 Luo, L., & Shinkle, G. A. (2025). Environmental context and organizational aspiration determination. Journal of Management Studies, 62(1), 102-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.13049 Luo, X., Wang, H., Raithel, S., & Zheng, Q. (2015). Corporate social performance, analyst stock recommendations, and firm future returns. Strategic Management Journal, 36(1), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2219 Luo, X., & Zheng, Q. (2018). How firm internationalization is recognized by outsiders: The response of financial analysts. Journal of Business Research, 90, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.04.030 Malik, T. H., & Huo, C. (2020). Security analyst firm reputation and investors’ response to forecasted stocks in the biotechnology sector. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 32(5), 574-588. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1683536 Maoret, M., Moreira, S., & Sabanci, H. (2024). Closing the gender pay gap: Analyst coverage, stakeholder attention, and gender differences in executive compensation. Organization Studies, 45(4), 495-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231200725 Martin, G. P., Gomez-Mejia, L. R., & Wiseman, R. M. (2013). Executive stock options as mixed gambles: Revisiting the behavioral agency model. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 451-472. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0967 Miller, D., Le Breton‐Miller, I., & Lester, R. H. (2010). Family ownership and acquisition behavior in publicly‐traded companies. Strategic Management Journal, 31(2), 201-223. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.802 Min, B.-s. (2021). Heterogeneity of R&D in family firms. Journal of Business Research, 129, 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.040 Mola, S., Rau, P. R., & Khorana, A. (2013). Is there life after the complete loss of analyst coverage? The Accounting Review, 88(2), 667-705. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50330 Moeen, M. (2017). Entry into nascent industries: Disentangling a firm's capability portfolio at the time of investment versus market entry. Strategic Management Journal, 38(10), 1986-2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2642 Morgan, T., Obal, M., & Jewell, R. D. (2021). Strategic change and innovation reputation: Opening up the innovation process. Journal of Business Research, 132, 249-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.055 Mount, M. P., & Baer, M. (2022). CEOs’ regulatory focus and risk-taking when firms perform below and above the bar. Journal of Management, 48(7), 1980-2008. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211016029 Naqvi, S. K., Shahzad, F., Rehman, I. U., Qureshi, F., & Laique, U. (2021). Corporate social responsibility performance and information asymmetry: The moderating role of analyst coverage. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(6), 1549-1563. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2114 Ocasio, W. (1997). Towards an attention‐based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 18(S1), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199707)18:1+<187::AID-SMJ936>3.0.CO;2-K Ocasio, W., & Joseph, J. (2018). The attention-based view of great strategies. Strategy Science, 3(1), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2017.0042 Oehmichen, J., Schrapp, S., & Wolff, M. (2017). Who needs experts most? Board industry expertise and strategic change—a contingency perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 38(3), 645-656. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2513 Parker, O. N., Krause, R., & Covin, J. G. (2017). Ready, set, slow: How aspiration-relative product quality impacts the rate of new product introduction. Journal of Management, 43(7), 2333-2356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315569314 Posen, H. E., Keil, T., Kim, S., & Meissner, F. D. (2018). Renewing research on problemistic search—A review and research agenda. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 208-251. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0018 Qian, C., Lu, L. Y., & Yu, Y. (2019). Financial analyst coverage and corporate social performance: Evidence from natural experiments. Strategic Management Journal, 40(13), 2271-2286. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3066 Ref, O., Feldman, N. E., Iyer, D. N., & Shapira, Z. (2021). Entry into new foreign markets: Performance feedback and opportunity costs. Journal of World Business, 56(6), 101258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101258 Ref, O., & Shapira, Z. (2017). Entering new markets: The effect of performance feedback near aspiration and well below and above it. Strategic Management Journal, 38(7), 1416-1434. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2561 Rudy, B. C., & Johnson, A. F. (2016). Performance, aspirations, and market versus nonmarket investment. Journal of Management, 42(4), 936-959. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313503017 Sasaki, I., Kotlar, J., Ravasi, D., & Vaara, E. (2020). Dealing with revered past: Historical identity statements and strategic change in Japanese family firms. Strategic Management Journal, 41(3), 590-623. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3065 Schulz, A. C., & Wiersema, M. F. (2018). The impact of earnings expectations on corporate downsizing. Strategic Management Journal, 39(10), 2691-2702. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2925 Schumacher, C., Keck, S., & Tang, W. (2020). Biased interpretation of performance feedback: The role of CEO overconfidence. Strategic Management Journal, 41(6), 1139-1165. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3138 Shi, W., Gao, C., & Aguilera, R. V. (2021). The liabilities of foreign institutional ownership: Managing political dependence through corporate political spending. Strategic Management Journal, 42(1), 84-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3211 Shibata, T., Baba, Y., & Suzuki, J. (2022). Managing exploration persistency in ambidextrous organizations: Case of Fujifilm and Kodak. R&D Management, 52(1), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12468 Shinkle, G. A. (2012). Organizational aspirations, reference points, and goals: Building on the past and aiming for the future. Journal of Management, 38(1), 415-455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311419856 Sousa, C. M., & Tan, Q. (2015). Exit from a foreign market: Do poor performance, strategic fit, cultural distance, and international experience matter? Journal of International Marketing, 23(4), 84-104. https://doi.org/10.1509/jim.15.0003 Tabesh, P., Vera, D., & Keller, R. T. (2019). Unabsorbed slack resource deployment and exploratory and exploitative innovation: How much does CEO expertise matter? Journal of Business Research, 94, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.08.023 To, T. Y., Navone, M., & Wu, E. (2018). Analyst coverage and the quality of corporate investment decisions. Journal of Corporate Finance, 51, 164-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2018.06.001 Tyler, B. B., & Caner, T. (2016). New product introductions below aspirations, slack and R&D alliances: A behavioral perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 37(5), 896-910. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2367 Walls, J. L., Berrone, P., & Phan, P. H. (2012). Corporate governance and environmental performance: Is there really a link? Strategic Management Journal, 33(8), 885-913. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.1952 Wang, J. J. (2020). Does analyst forecast dispersion represent investors’ perceived uncertainty toward earnings? Review of Accounting and Finance, 19(3), 289-312. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAF-10-2018-0224 Wang, M.-C. (2015). Value relevance of Tobin’s Q and corporate governance for the Taiwanese tourism industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(1), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2339-9 Wang, M.-C., Chen, P.-C., & Fang, S.-C. (2018). A critical view of knowledge networks and innovation performance: The mediation role of firms' knowledge integration capability. Journal of Business Research, 88, 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.03.034 Wang, M. C., & Ding, Y. J. (2021). Does the quarterly accrual anomaly exist in Taiwan's stock market? Evidence from Manager's earnings management. Managerial and Decision Economics, 42(3), 688-701. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3265 Wang, X., & Lou, T. (2020). The effect of performance feedback on firms’ unplanned marketing investments. Journal of Business Research, 118, 441-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.015 Wang, Y., Wang, X., & Xu, W. (2021). How does negative performance feedback affect a firm’s openness in its innovation search behaviour? The moderating role of organisational slack. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 35(4), 380-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1976405 Washburn, M., & Bromiley, P. (2014). Managers and analysts: An examination of mutual influence. Academy of Management Journal, 57(3), 849-868. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0420 Wei, Z., & Zhang, L. (2020). How to perform strategic change? A strategy as practice perspective. Chinese Management Studies, 14(3), 811-832. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-04-2019-0140 Xie, E., Huang, Y., Stevens, C. E., & Lebedev, S. (2019). Performance feedback and outward foreign direct investment by emerging economy firms. Journal of World Business, 54(6), 101014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101014 Xu, D., Zhou, K. Z., & Du, F. (2019). Deviant versus aspirational risk taking: The effects of performance feedback on bribery expenditure and R&D intensity. Academy of Management Journal, 62(4), 1226-1251. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.0749 Ye, Y., Yu, W., & Nason, R. (2021). Performance feedback persistence: comparative effects of historical versus peer performance feedback on innovative search. Journal of Management, 47(4), 1053-1081. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320916225 Zhang, Y., & Gimeno, J. (2010). Earnings pressure and competitive behavior: Evidence from the US electricity industry. Academy of Management Journal, 53(4), 743-768. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.52814593 Zhang, Y., & Gimeno, J. (2016). Earnings pressure and long-term corporate governance: Can long-term-oriented investors and managers reduce the quarterly earnings obsession? Organization Science, 27(2), 354-372. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2016.1056 Zhang, Y., & Gong, Y. (2018). Stock return or sales growth? Multiple performance feedback and strategic investments under securities analysts’ earnings pressure. Journal of Management Studies, 55(8), 1356-1385. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12392 Zhang, Y., & Rajagopalan, N. (2010). Once an outsider, always an outsider? CEO origin, strategic change, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 31(3), 334-346. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.812 Zhang, Z., Gu, X., & Yang, X. (2024). Performance feedback and innovative search strategies: An integrative perspective of motivation and capacity for risk taking. British Journal of Management, 35(4), 1867-1885. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12794